tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74564163996611769332024-03-13T14:43:21.899-07:00Egyptian ArchitctureKERLOOTEOWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07111410695834096230noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7456416399661176933.post-87795556499607854502013-05-23T03:27:00.000-07:002013-05-23T03:27:04.367-07:007 ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES <span style="font-size: x-large;">AYYUBID DYNASTY </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>al-Firdaws madrasa</b></span><br />
founder : Dhayfa Khatun, wife of Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo<br />
Location : southwest of Bab al-Maqam<br />
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<u>Sincerity </u><br />
Enclosed coutyards are hidden in the intersection of the axis of the building. The space is without any human imaginary and idols<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jm6xpsUihfg/UZ3sLRcR0-I/AAAAAAAAAqw/tfS6b9f-TOk/s1600/Courtyard+of+the+Madrasa+al-Firdaus+in+Aleppo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="194" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jm6xpsUihfg/UZ3sLRcR0-I/AAAAAAAAAqw/tfS6b9f-TOk/s320/Courtyard+of+the+Madrasa+al-Firdaus+in+Aleppo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<u>Knowledge </u><br />
In the prayer hall, above the mihrab, insciptions are lit up by the illuminating effects of sunlight. This is the architecture of light as an expression.<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KoXuc_FmuuY/UZ3uG_2L3YI/AAAAAAAAArA/JsGJSDlr12E/s1600/mfird6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KoXuc_FmuuY/UZ3uG_2L3YI/AAAAAAAAArA/JsGJSDlr12E/s320/mfird6.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
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<u>Balance </u></div>
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There is a balance in the proportions of the plan of al-Firdaws. </div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eYsND5M7D7c/UZ3um3HhFyI/AAAAAAAAArI/btVtDD_WsOU/s1600/96.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="273" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eYsND5M7D7c/UZ3um3HhFyI/AAAAAAAAArI/btVtDD_WsOU/s320/96.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />Jeanettehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12656673838602782023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7456416399661176933.post-64384124888289071902013-05-23T01:09:00.001-07:002013-05-23T01:55:30.357-07:00AYYUBID DYNASTY ( 1171-1341)<span style="font-size: large;">Introduction</span><br />
-Ayyub ( Saladin's father) lent his name to their dynasty<br />
- Kurdish origin, founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt<br />
- A period of vigorously strengthening Sunni Muslim dominance in the region by constructing numerous madrasas in the major cites.<br />
-The Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled<br />
- Resurgence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Historical Events</span><br />
1) Saladin sent to Egypt, aided Shirkuh in a power struggle against Shawar<br />
2) Shirkuh took over but died 2 months later<br />
3) Saladin took over from Shirkuh as vizier of Egypt and eventually the sultan.<br />
4) death of Nur-ud Din (Saladin's mentor) took over control of northern Syria<br />
5) Battle of Hattin - for Jerusaleum against Crusaders<br />
6) Won over Jerusaleum, crusaders keep fighting for the Holy Land<br />
7) Saladin dies in 1193<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wwEihbv8zT4/UZ3HvWb4vLI/AAAAAAAAApk/hY9whWBre2I/s1600/220px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wwEihbv8zT4/UZ3HvWb4vLI/AAAAAAAAApk/hY9whWBre2I/s320/220px-Saladin_the_Victorious.jpg" width="247" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Saladin during one of his Battles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4FrEyOSKQG4/UZ3JGmIWx_I/AAAAAAAAAp0/eELAZFTrzus/s1600/map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="215" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4FrEyOSKQG4/UZ3JGmIWx_I/AAAAAAAAAp0/eELAZFTrzus/s320/map.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Ayyubid Dynasty </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;">Architectural Style </span><br />
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The Ayyubid architecture style was mainly military architecture, due to the invasion from the Christians crusaders. </div>
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The characteristics that can be seen are : </div>
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1) FORTIFICATIONS - learnt from the crusaders to build curtain walls which follow the natural topography of the site.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pCvENuoTlkQ/UZ3WnAvv8eI/AAAAAAAAAqE/2IRkUjDbNEA/s1600/3173024639_35b2aab395_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="164" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pCvENuoTlkQ/UZ3WnAvv8eI/AAAAAAAAAqE/2IRkUjDbNEA/s320/3173024639_35b2aab395_z.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The citadel </td></tr>
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2) MACHICOLATIONS & ROUND TOWERS - machincolations are floor openings between the supporting corbels of a battlement, through which stones, or other objects, could be dropped on attackers at the base of a defensive wall. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jJOu6jiiCiI/UZ3XgojWN4I/AAAAAAAAAqU/FolNEY1Alto/s1600/220px-Ayyubid_wall_cyark_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jJOu6jiiCiI/UZ3XgojWN4I/AAAAAAAAAqU/FolNEY1Alto/s1600/220px-Ayyubid_wall_cyark_2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Machincolations and Round towers</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
3) CONCENTRIC PLANNING<br />
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4) RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS - madrassas' were built in major cities. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fAirLLGv9ug/UZ3YTu726RI/AAAAAAAAAqc/3bMt4PNOTVM/s1600/220px-Firdaws_Madrasa_Courtyard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fAirLLGv9ug/UZ3YTu726RI/AAAAAAAAAqc/3bMt4PNOTVM/s1600/220px-Firdaws_Madrasa_Courtyard.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Firdaws Madrasa </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Jeanettehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12656673838602782023noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7456416399661176933.post-42235020872406901252013-05-16T11:53:00.004-07:002013-05-16T11:53:59.599-07:00Presentation May 17<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mumluks</span></u></b><br />
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Definition<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">1. Mamluks is Arabic designation for
“owned slaves”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2. Domination:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">-
Throne was passed through by murder or usurpation, not inheritance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Every reign of Sultan rarely
lasted more than 6 years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">3. Conclusion: Architecture flourished and new forms
evolved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bahri Mamluks </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(1250- 1382 AD): </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chaotic Politic<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">1<sup>ST</sup> Mamluk Sultan:
Baybars Al- Bunduqdari <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- He succeed remove Crusaders and protected
Egypt from the Mongols&<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Restored power to the Abbasid caliphs in
Cairo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">Mosque: Mosque of Baybars<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US">Plan and image of
Mosque of Baybars<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Description<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">No
longer intact except outer wall remain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Projecting
portals & corner towers (similar to al- Hakim)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">One
Minaret<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Arcade
was supported by both colums and brick piers <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Stilted
and pointed arches<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Keel-
shaped arches: decorative niches on the façade of the entrance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">Mosque Complex of Sultan Hassan<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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o:title="sultan-hasan-mosque-map"/>
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<i><span lang="EN-US"> </span></i></div>
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<i>Plan
of Madrasssa of Sultan Hassa Madrasssa
of Sultan Hassan<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Year of built: 1356- 1363<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Complex contain: Friday mosque, a
madrasa & domed mausoleum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Major monument in Islamic World<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Largest mosque in Cairo, allow to accommodate
400 students<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Location: former palace, made it necessary
to build an enourmous and magnificient structure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Building:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> -Tall,
towering 113 feet above the street<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> -
Dome collapsed in 1661<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> -
Originally has 2 minarets, only one stands today. Another one collapsed in
1659.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> -
Portal: remarkable due to it is largest in Cairo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7 principle<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Knowledge: Sahn leads to the
madrasa, consisting 4 rites (Shafi’i, Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jAsK4JRcqiQ/UZUqh_wzodI/AAAAAAAAAC8/Hov7nG8B3VY/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jAsK4JRcqiQ/UZUqh_wzodI/AAAAAAAAAC8/Hov7nG8B3VY/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Remembrance: Inscriptions at dome-
rhythmic precision and expression in remembrance to God<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: Doorway to the Minbar"
style='width:110.25pt;height:149.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/eg06.jpg"
style='width:126.75pt;height:148.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Respect: Mosque gateway or entryway greet
before by magnificent size of central courtyard and prayer hall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Burgi/ Circassian Mamluks </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(1382- 1517 AD)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: Political Turmoil<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">1. Circassian Mamluks were slaves bought by Bahri Mamluks Sultan Qala’
un<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">2. Similar to Bahri Mamluk dynasty, Circassian sultan gain power through
murder and usurpation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">3. Circassian rule began by</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Sultan Zaher Barqooq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">In this empire, chritians and jews were persecuted and people were taxed
heavily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Conclusion: greatest epoch of Egyptian architecture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Why?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mamluks produce most inspiring and breathtaking structure in the Islamic
World. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u><span lang="EN-US">Circassian Mamluk architecture<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Builders developed ribbed stone dome
and soon adapted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Builders develop ribbing: derived from tabbed stone helmet of the
minaret of Amir Qusun, alter pattern that symbolize Circassian Mumluks Dynasty.
Stone dome design quickly end after Ottoman
conquest of 1517.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u><span lang="EN-US">Funerary Complex of Sultan Barquq<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1Snk60bG6u0/UZUo2zFhOaI/AAAAAAAAACU/e5rv092-74s/s1600/Draft+2(may17)_Page_3.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1Snk60bG6u0/UZUo2zFhOaI/AAAAAAAAACU/e5rv092-74s/s400/Draft+2(may17)_Page_3.2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Plan and image of The
Khanqah and Mausoleum of Sultan Faraj Ibn Barquq</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">- First Circassian ruler. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Building contained: Similar to Mosque of Sultan Hassan, has madrasa
teaching the 4 rites, Friday mosque and
mausoleum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Different with Mosque of Sultan Hassa: Also a khanqah for Sufis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Accomodation: 125 students and 60 Sufis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u><span lang="EN-US">Sultan Qaytbay (1468-1496)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Devote to the construction of religious institution. This was the time
of consolidation of idea and practices rather than a time of innovation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">- Able to develop and practice new architecture style: Focus on stone
carving and the refinement of proportion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<u><span lang="EN-US">The funerary & religious complex of Sultan Ashraf Qaitbay<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cNIatfKp9Wo/UZUo3giXaEI/AAAAAAAAACs/XLqk9zIL-6U/s1600/Draft+2(may17)_Page_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cNIatfKp9Wo/UZUo3giXaEI/AAAAAAAAACs/XLqk9zIL-6U/s400/Draft+2(may17)_Page_4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Plan and image of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">The funerary &
religious complex of Sultan Ashraf Qaitbay.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">- Includes 4 iwans in the madrasa, cells for students, a tomb, a sabil (public
drinking fountain), and a boy’s primary school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />KERLOOTEOWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07111410695834096230noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7456416399661176933.post-46966352106290294022013-05-02T06:50:00.002-07:002013-05-09T14:19:41.449-07:00Weekly Progress<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">This week we separate our work so each of us focus on different period and do the introduction of the history and figure out the architecture style. There's 6 period for Egyptian architecture time which is </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
Tulunid - Mekartti</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Fatimid - Mekartti</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Ayyubid - Jeanette</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Bahari Mamluk - Ker loo</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Burji Mamluk - Ker Loo</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Ottoman - Izzat</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
<span style="background-color: #666666; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><u>Tulunid Dynasty (868AD-905AD)</u></span></b></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Under Ahmad ibn Tulun(governer of Egypt who soon took control of the country's finances and the conquered Syria), Egypt began to liberate itself under the rule of the Abbasid, and thus began a new era, The Tulunid Dynasty. However, this dynasty only last for a few generations, after which Egypt was once again ruled by the Abbasid.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><i><b>Architectural style</b></i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">The structure system consists of large brick piers and arches, also utilizing decorated bricks and carved, moled stacco. The Umayyad's rectangular plan was still maintained. The architecture in this era started to focus mainly on huge architectural scale.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: #666666; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><u>Fatimid Dynasty (909A.D.-1171A.D.)</u></span></b></span></h4>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Founded by Abd Allah, the Fatimids consisted of Shia Muslims who discovered that they were descendants of the late Fatima, daughter of the Propher Muhammad and wife of Ali, the fourth caliph. Consequently this lead the founder to believe that it was his right to lead the Muslim world than the Abbasids. He assumed the title of caliph, and conquered Egypt in 969 A.D. and founded Cairo in 973 A.D.<br />In 1711 A.D., they succumbed to the armies of the Ayyubid Salah al-Din (Saladin)<br /><br /><b><i>Architectural style</i></b><br />They started to build facade decorations with recesses attached with windows are<br />Stucco, wood, and stone carvings together with door grills started to display floral designs and geometric motifs.<br />Hypostyle plan for mosque remained, an in addition arcades were built around courtyards.<br />Keel arches were also introduced.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: #666666; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b><span style="color: white;"><u>Ayubbid Dynasty ( 1171 -1950) </u></span></b></span></h4>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Began after Salah al-Din took over the Franks and Fatimids in 1171. This dynasty was a muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin. They spent the next decade on conquests throughout the region, and by 1183, they occupied Egypt, Syria, Northern Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and North Africa. After the Battle of Hattin in 1187, most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was under their control. The Ayyubids ushered in an era of economic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provided by the Ayyubids led to the resurgence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world. The Ayyubid’s also constructed multiple madrasas strengthening the Sunni Muslim dominance. </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /><i><b>Architectural Style </b></i><br />Military architecture was the supreme expression of the Ayyubid dynasty. The most obvious change that occurred was the fortification of the Cairo and al-Fustat within one city wall. Waterworks were also introduced to the city, thus it expanded to streets and quarters, where they were provided with fountains and baths. The greatest achievement was the building of the Citadel of Damascus and Bosra in Syria. The extramural developments on inne</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"></span><br />
<h4>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><b><span style="background-color: #444444; color: white;">Overview of Mamluks (r. 648-692 AH/ 1250-1517 AD) </span></b></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">The Mamluks were the slave military elite who succeeded the
Ayyubids as the rulers of Egypt and Syria. Mamluks appropriated many aspects of
the architecture of their predecessors, the Fatimids and the Ayyubids. Elements
like keel-shaped niches and the use of muqarnas to decorate the hoods of arched
portals and niches, appear on the carefully composed monumental façades of
Cairo, the Mamluk capital in Egypt. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 17px;">
<h4 style="font-size: 13px;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><i>Architecture Style: </i></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
Mamluk buildings are characterized by the high quality of
their masonry work, by their monumental size, and by their carefully composed
façades. From the street the buildings presented the viewer with views of tall
domes, often with incredibly elaborate carved surfaces, slender minarets poised
above expanses of plain masonry ornamented with inscription bands, tall
pointed-arch windows, and enormous arched portals with muqarnas hoods.
Interiors boasted rich ornamental programs composed of multicolored stone
revetments, mosaics, and carved wood.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
Mamluk architectural patronage was lavished on foundations
that combined religious, funerary, educational, and other functions into
multifunctional charitable complexes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
<img src="http://www.2travel2egypt.com/inc_img/q2p81278937977.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
(for example, the Complex of Sultan
Qala'un in Cairo of 1283-85 AD). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
<img height="320" src="http://tabisite.com/gallery_af/egypt/94as114.jpg" width="242" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">
In Cairo's cemeteries, and especially in the
former Fatimid palace quarter known as the Bayn al-Qasrayn, ("between the
two palaces")</div>
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Mamluk complexes crowd next to one another, their intricate
plans incorporating mausolea, madrasas, courts, mosques, fountains, primary
schools, and residences. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The domestic architecture of the Mamluks in Cairo continued
the use of the arrangement of vaulted reception halls (qa'a) flanking a tall
central space (durka). Lower levels of Mamluk houses accommodated commercial
functions, and interior façades featured open arcades and mashrabiyyas
overlooking private courtyards.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: white; font-size: small;">Ottoman Empire (1582-1848AD)</span></h3>
<br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 13px;">During these period, Egypt was branched out into twenty-four sector and each of it had its own Mamluk bey which previously known as an emir under the Ottomans. The beys were governed by the sultan in Istanbul. The slaves that lives in around the Mamluk beys had to pay taxes and also had baronial authority. Besides, the turks also had to be paid by the tributes as well. Sultan Selim, the Ottoman baron liked to beget uproar between the Mamluk beys that he could keep them divided and authorized. Thus, they always kept assaulting among themselves. The dominator who was on the top, was known, Sheikh al Balad, which means ''Controller of the country''.</span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: #444444; color: white;">Architectural Style</span><br /><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-size: 13px;"><br />Having a heavy influence from the Byzantine tradition, which to be precise the influence of the Hagia Sophia during the Classical Ottoman architecture. The architectural style is definitely had a blend of numerous influences and adaptation for Ottoman needs. Sinan, the architect who designed most of the structures during this period, for instance, the design of the classical mosques had a similar touch as Hagia Sophia which both used a dome-based structure. Moreover, it also changed the proportions, structure interior had opened and freed it from the colonnades other structural elements that gapped out the inside of Hagia Sophia and other Byzantine churches. In addition, it also added more light to come into the facade, which led to emphasizing on the use of lighting and shadow with a large volume of windows.</span></div>
</span>KERLOOTEOWhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07111410695834096230noreply@blogger.com0